Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities
This goal focuses on reducing inequalities within and between countries by promoting more inclusive economic and social development. All over the world, disadvantaged populations keep facing limitations and difficulties for the same economic opportunities, continuing lower levels of development despite national progress. To look at the inequalities in wealth, the Gini coefficient and Theil-T indices (within and between groups) are used where 0 represents perfect equality. Another value highlighting unequal access to education, healthcare and living standards is the Subnational Human Development Index (SHDI), ranging from 0 - 1 with higher scores attributed to areas with better conditions. These inequalities remain a major challenge for achieving an inclusive and sustainable environment globally.
Wealth inequality (Gini coefficient)
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Al Husein, N. & Wagner, N. (2023). Determinants of intended return migration among refugees: A comparison of Syrian refugees in Germany and Turkey. International Migration Review, 57(4), 1771-1805.
Schrijner, S. & Smits, J. (2019). Paternity Uncertainty or Male Dominance? Paternal versus Maternal Grandmothers' Contribution to Children's Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa. GDL Working paper 19-101.
Alcorta, L., Smits, J. & Swetlund, H. (2018). Inequality and ethnic conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. Social Forces, 97(2), 769-792.