Goal 13: Climate Action
Despite best efforts to raise awareness and encourage action, climate change has worsened in recent years, with record-breaking temperatures and extreme weather events. Yearly surface temperature captures changes in global warming over time. Among the most important indicators is total CO₂ emissions and the Subnational GDL Vulnerability Index (SGVI) which predicts how resilient the region is to climate change in terms of socioeconomic vulnerability with 100 being the highest. Together, this data reveals both the causes and consequences of climate change, showing how it affects populations and increases their vulnerability to ongoing environmental change.
Yearly relative humidity
Read more about this goal on the official SDG website
Read articles
Smits, J. & Huisman, J. (2025). From National Averages to Local Realities: A Subnational Vulnerability Index to Guide Sustainable Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Sustainability, 17(20).
Huisman, J., Martyr, R., Rott, R. & Smits, J. (2025). Projections of climate change vulnerability along the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 2020–2100. Sci Data 12, 1527.
Smits, J. & Huisman, J. (2024). The GDL Vulnerability Index (GVI). Social Indicators Research, 174, 721-741.