Geospatial Data (v0.2)
Yearly Average Surface Temperature (ºC)
Annual average surface temperature for GDL subnational regions worldwide, built from the ERA5 re-analysis dataset produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). This combines satellite observations, ground measurements, and atmospheric models to produce consistent climate estimates.
The indicator helps researchers analyze relationships between temperature and outcomes such as agriculture, inequality, health, vulnerability, and climate adaptation.
The original weather grids are approximately 0.25° × 0.25° (about 25 km at the equator), and have been processed and aggregated to GDL regional boundaries to allow for ease of use with other (socioeconomic) GDL indicators.
Key info
| Dataset | Geospatial Data |
|---|---|
| Num. countries | 201 |
| Num. subnat. regions | 1769 |
| Years covered | 1990–2022 |
Data sources
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)'s ERA5 datasets result from atmospheric reanalysis, a process that integrates satellite-based measurements, ground-based observations, and modeling. This approach employs the principles of physics through data assimilation, similar to the methodology used by numerical weather prediction centers. ERA5 reanalysis data are widely recognized for their high quality, granular spatial and temporal resolutions, and inclusion of a wide range of atmospheric variables.
| Afghanistan | 1990–2022 |
| Angola | 1990–2022 |
| Albania | 1990–2022 |
| Argentina urban | 1990–2022 |
| Armenia | 1990–2022 |
| Azerbaijan | 1990–2022 |
| Burundi | 1990–2022 |
| Benin | 1990–2022 |
| Burkina Faso | 1990–2022 |
| Bangladesh | 1990–2022 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1990–2022 |
| Belarus | 1990–2022 |
| Belize | 1990–2022 |
| Bolivia | 1990–2022 |
| Brazil | 1990–2022 |
| Barbados | 1990–2022 |
| Bhutan | 1990–2022 |
| Botswana | 1990–2022 |
| Central African Republic CAR | 1990–2022 |
| Chili | 1990–2022 |
| China | 1990–2022 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 1990–2022 |
| Cameroon | 1990–2022 |
| Congo Democratic Republic | 1990–2022 |
| Congo Brazzaville | 1990–2022 |
| Colombia | 1990–2022 |
| Comoros | 1990–2022 |
| Cape Verde | 1990–2022 |
| Costa Rica | 1990–2022 |
| Cuba | 1990–2022 |
| Djibouti | 1990–2022 |
| Dominican Republic | 1990–2022 |
| Algeria | 1990–2022 |
| Ecuador | 1990–2022 |
| Egypt | 1990–2022 |
| Eritrea | 1990–2022 |
| Ethiopia | 1990–2022 |
| Fiji | 1990–2022 |
| Gabon | 1990–2022 |
| Georgia | 1990–2022 |
| Ghana | 1990–2022 |
| Guinea | 1990–2022 |
| Gambia | 1990–2022 |
| Guinea Bissau | 1990–2022 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 1990–2022 |
| Guatemala | 1990–2022 |
| Guyana | 1990–2022 |
| Honduras | 1990–2022 |
| Haiti | 1990–2022 |
| Indonesia | 1990–2022 |
| India | 1990–2022 |
| Iran | 1990–2022 |
| Iraq | 1990–2022 |
| Jamaica | 1990–2022 |
| Jordan | 1990–2022 |
| Kazakhstan | 1990–2022 |
| Kenya | 1990–2022 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 1990–2022 |
| Cambodia | 1990–2022 |
| Kuwait | 1990–2022 |
| Lao | 1990–2022 |
| Lebanon | 1990–2022 |
| Liberia | 1990–2022 |
| Libya | 1990–2022 |
| Saint Lucia | 1990–2022 |
| Lesotho | 1990–2022 |
| Morocco | 1990–2022 |
| Moldova | 1990–2022 |
| Madagascar | 1990–2022 |
| Mexico | 1990–2022 |
| North Macedonia | 1990–2022 |
| Mali | 1990–2022 |
| Myanmar | 1990–2022 |
| Montenegro | 1990–2022 |
| Mongolia | 1990–2022 |
| Mozambique | 1990–2022 |
| Mauritania | 1990–2022 |
| Mauritius | 1990–2022 |
| Malawi | 1990–2022 |
| Malaysia | 1990–2022 |
| Namibia | 1990–2022 |
| Niger | 1990–2022 |
| Nigeria | 1990–2022 |
| Nicaragua | 1990–2022 |
| Nepal | 1990–2022 |
| Pakistan | 1990–2022 |
| Panama | 1990–2022 |
| Peru | 1990–2022 |
| Philippines | 1990–2022 |
| Paraguay | 1990–2022 |
| Palestine | 1990–2022 |
| Rwanda | 1990–2022 |
| Saudi Arabia | 1990–2022 |
| Sudan | 1990–2022 |
| Senegal | 1990–2022 |
| Sierra Leone | 1990–2022 |
| El Salvador | 1990–2022 |
| Somalia | 1990–2022 |
| Serbia | 1990–2022 |
| South Sudan | 1990–2022 |
| Sao Tome & Principe | 1990–2022 |
| Suriname | 1990–2022 |
| Eswatini | 1990–2022 |
| Syria | 1990–2022 |
| Chad | 1990–2022 |
| Togo | 1990–2022 |
| Thailand | 1990–2022 |
| Tajikistan | 1990–2022 |
| Turkmenistan | 1990–2022 |
| Timor Leste | 1990–2022 |
| Trinidad & Tobago | 1990–2022 |
| Tunisia | 1990–2022 |
| Turkey | 1990–2022 |
| Tanzania | 1990–2022 |
| Uganda | 1990–2022 |
| Ukraine | 1990–2022 |
| Uruguay | 1990–2022 |
| Uzbekistan | 1990–2022 |
| Venezuela | 1990–2022 |
| Vietnam | 1990–2022 |
| Vanuatu | 1990–2022 |
| Yemen | 1990–2022 |
| South Africa | 1990–2022 |
| Zambia | 1990–2022 |
| Zimbabwe | 1990–2022 |
| Australia | 1990–2022 |
| Austria | 1990–2022 |
| Belgium | 1990–2022 |
| Bulgaria | 1990–2022 |
| Canada | 1990–2022 |
| Switzerland | 1990–2022 |
| Czechia | 1990–2022 |
| Germany | 1990–2022 |
| Denmark | 1990–2022 |
| Spain | 1990–2022 |
| Estonia | 1990–2022 |
| Finland | 1990–2022 |
| France | 1990–2022 |
| United Kingdom | 1990–2022 |
| Greece | 1990–2022 |
| Croatia | 1990–2022 |
| Hungary | 1990–2022 |
| Ireland | 1990–2022 |
| Italy | 1990–2022 |
| Japan | 1990–2022 |
| Korea, Rep. | 1990–2022 |
| Lithuania | 1990–2022 |
| Latvia | 1990–2022 |
| Netherlands | 1990–2022 |
| Norway | 1990–2022 |
| New Zealand | 1990–2022 |
| Poland | 1990–2022 |
| Portugal | 1990–2022 |
| Romania | 1990–2022 |
| Russian Federation | 1990–2022 |
| Slovak Republic | 1990–2022 |
| Slovenia | 1990–2022 |
| Sweden | 1990–2022 |
| United States of America | 1990–2022 |
| Qatar | 1990–2022 |
| United Arab Emirates | 1990–2022 |
| Bahrain | 1990–2022 |
| Bahamas, The | 1990–2022 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 1990–2022 |
| Cyprus | 1990–2022 |
| Iceland | 1990–2022 |
| Israel | 1990–2022 |
| Sri Lanka | 1990–2022 |
| Luxembourg | 1990–2022 |
| Oman | 1990–2022 |
| Papua New Guinea | 1990–2022 |
| Singapore | 1990–2022 |
| Tonga | 1990–2022 |
| Andorra | 1990–2022 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 1990–2022 |
| Dominica | 1990–2022 |
| Micronesia, Fed. Sts. | 1990–2022 |
| Grenada | 1990–2022 |
| Kiribati | 1990–2022 |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | 1990–2022 |
| Liechtenstein | 1990–2022 |
| Solomon Islands | 1990–2022 |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 1990–2022 |
| Samoa | 1990–2022 |
| Kosovo | 1990–2022 |
| Turks & Caicos Islands | 1990–2022 |
| FInland | 1990–2022 |
| China | 1990–2022 |
| France | 1990–2022 |
| France | 1990–2022 |
| France | 1990–2022 |
| Gibraltar | 1990–2022 |
| Greenland | 1990–2022 |
| Isle of Man | 1990–2022 |
| Jersey | 1990–2022 |
| Monaco | 1990–2022 |
| Pakistan | 1990–2022 |
| French Polynesia | 1990–2022 |
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen | 1990–2022 |
| San Marino | 1990–2022 |
| Vatican City | 1990–2022 |
The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) is a multipurpose, independent, global database of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants, such as CO2 and PM2.5. It provides independent emission estimates using international statistics and a consistent IPCC methodology.
| Afghanistan | 1990–2022 |
| Angola | 1990–2022 |
| Albania | 1990–2022 |
| Argentina urban | 1990–2022 |
| Armenia | 1990–2022 |
| Azerbaijan | 1990–2022 |
| Burundi | 1990–2022 |
| Benin | 1990–2022 |
| Burkina Faso | 1990–2022 |
| Bangladesh | 1990–2022 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1990–2022 |
| Belarus | 1990–2022 |
| Belize | 1990–2022 |
| Bolivia | 1990–2022 |
| Brazil | 1990–2022 |
| Barbados | 1990–2022 |
| Bhutan | 1990–2022 |
| Botswana | 1990–2022 |
| Central African Republic CAR | 1990–2022 |
| Chili | 1990–2022 |
| China | 1990–2022 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 1990–2022 |
| Cameroon | 1990–2022 |
| Congo Democratic Republic | 1990–2022 |
| Congo Brazzaville | 1990–2022 |
| Colombia | 1990–2022 |
| Comoros | 1990–2022 |
| Cape Verde | 1990–2022 |
| Costa Rica | 1990–2022 |
| Cuba | 1990–2022 |
| Djibouti | 1990–2022 |
| Dominican Republic | 1990–2022 |
| Algeria | 1990–2022 |
| Ecuador | 1990–2022 |
| Egypt | 1990–2022 |
| Eritrea | 1990–2022 |
| Ethiopia | 1990–2022 |
| Fiji | 1990–2022 |
| Gabon | 1990–2022 |
| Georgia | 1990–2022 |
| Ghana | 1990–2022 |
| Guinea | 1990–2022 |
| Gambia | 1990–2022 |
| Guinea Bissau | 1990–2022 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 1990–2022 |
| Guatemala | 1990–2022 |
| Guyana | 1990–2022 |
| Honduras | 1990–2022 |
| Haiti | 1990–2022 |
| Indonesia | 1990–2022 |
| India | 1990–2022 |
| Iran | 1990–2022 |
| Iraq | 1990–2022 |
| Jamaica | 1990–2022 |
| Jordan | 1990–2022 |
| Kazakhstan | 1990–2022 |
| Kenya | 1990–2022 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 1990–2022 |
| Cambodia | 1990–2022 |
| Kuwait | 1990–2022 |
| Lao | 1990–2022 |
| Lebanon | 1990–2022 |
| Liberia | 1990–2022 |
| Libya | 1990–2022 |
| Saint Lucia | 1990–2022 |
| Lesotho | 1990–2022 |
| Morocco | 1990–2022 |
| Moldova | 1990–2022 |
| Madagascar | 1990–2022 |
| Mexico | 1990–2022 |
| North Macedonia | 1990–2022 |
| Mali | 1990–2022 |
| Myanmar | 1990–2022 |
| Montenegro | 1990–2022 |
| Mongolia | 1990–2022 |
| Mozambique | 1990–2022 |
| Mauritania | 1990–2022 |
| Mauritius | 1990–2022 |
| Malawi | 1990–2022 |
| Malaysia | 1990–2022 |
| Namibia | 1990–2022 |
| Niger | 1990–2022 |
| Nigeria | 1990–2022 |
| Nicaragua | 1990–2022 |
| Nepal | 1990–2022 |
| Pakistan | 1990–2022 |
| Panama | 1990–2022 |
| Peru | 1990–2022 |
| Philippines | 1990–2022 |
| Paraguay | 1990–2022 |
| Palestine | 1990–2022 |
| Rwanda | 1990–2022 |
| Saudi Arabia | 1990–2022 |
| Sudan | 1990–2022 |
| Senegal | 1990–2022 |
| Sierra Leone | 1990–2022 |
| El Salvador | 1990–2022 |
| Somalia | 1990–2022 |
| Serbia | 1990–2022 |
| South Sudan | 1990–2022 |
| Sao Tome & Principe | 1990–2022 |
| Suriname | 1990–2022 |
| Eswatini | 1990–2022 |
| Syria | 1990–2022 |
| Chad | 1990–2022 |
| Togo | 1990–2022 |
| Thailand | 1990–2022 |
| Tajikistan | 1990–2022 |
| Turkmenistan | 1990–2022 |
| Timor Leste | 1990–2022 |
| Trinidad & Tobago | 1990–2022 |
| Tunisia | 1990–2022 |
| Turkey | 1990–2022 |
| Tanzania | 1990–2022 |
| Uganda | 1990–2022 |
| Ukraine | 1990–2022 |
| Uruguay | 1990–2022 |
| Uzbekistan | 1990–2022 |
| Venezuela | 1990–2022 |
| Vietnam | 1990–2022 |
| Vanuatu | 1990–2022 |
| Yemen | 1990–2022 |
| South Africa | 1990–2022 |
| Zambia | 1990–2022 |
| Zimbabwe | 1990–2022 |
| Australia | 1990–2022 |
| Austria | 1990–2022 |
| Belgium | 1990–2022 |
| Bulgaria | 1990–2022 |
| Canada | 1990–2022 |
| Switzerland | 1990–2022 |
| Czechia | 1990–2022 |
| Germany | 1990–2022 |
| Denmark | 1990–2022 |
| Spain | 1990–2022 |
| Estonia | 1990–2022 |
| Finland | 1990–2022 |
| France | 1990–2022 |
| United Kingdom | 1990–2022 |
| Greece | 1990–2022 |
| Croatia | 1990–2022 |
| Hungary | 1990–2022 |
| Ireland | 1990–2022 |
| Italy | 1990–2022 |
| Japan | 1990–2022 |
| Korea, Rep. | 1990–2022 |
| Lithuania | 1990–2022 |
| Latvia | 1990–2022 |
| Netherlands | 1990–2022 |
| Norway | 1990–2022 |
| New Zealand | 1990–2022 |
| Poland | 1990–2022 |
| Portugal | 1990–2022 |
| Romania | 1990–2022 |
| Russian Federation | 1990–2022 |
| Slovak Republic | 1990–2022 |
| Slovenia | 1990–2022 |
| Sweden | 1990–2022 |
| United States of America | 1990–2022 |
| Qatar | 1990–2022 |
| United Arab Emirates | 1990–2022 |
| Bahrain | 1990–2022 |
| Bahamas, The | 1990–2022 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 1990–2022 |
| Cyprus | 1990–2022 |
| Iceland | 1990–2022 |
| Israel | 1990–2022 |
| Sri Lanka | 1990–2022 |
| Luxembourg | 1990–2022 |
| Oman | 1990–2022 |
| Papua New Guinea | 1990–2022 |
| Singapore | 1990–2022 |
| Tonga | 1990–2022 |
| Andorra | 1990–2022 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 1990–2022 |
| Dominica | 1990–2022 |
| Micronesia, Fed. Sts. | 1990–2022 |
| Grenada | 1990–2022 |
| Kiribati | 1990–2022 |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | 1990–2022 |
| Liechtenstein | 1990–2022 |
| Solomon Islands | 1990–2022 |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 1990–2022 |
| Samoa | 1990–2022 |
| Kosovo | 1990–2022 |
| Turks & Caicos Islands | 1990–2022 |
| FInland | 1990–2022 |
| China | 1990–2022 |
| France | 1990–2022 |
| France | 1990–2022 |
| France | 1990–2022 |
| Gibraltar | 1990–2022 |
| Greenland | 1990–2022 |
| Isle of Man | 1990–2022 |
| Jersey | 1990–2022 |
| Monaco | 1990–2022 |
| Pakistan | 1990–2022 |
| French Polynesia | 1990–2022 |
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen | 1990–2022 |
| San Marino | 1990–2022 |
| Vatican City | 1990–2022 |